JavaScript对象继承的N种模式详解

作者：闭包旅人时间：2026-10-29 20:51:10浏览：521

本文系统梳理了JavaScript中实现对象继承的多种模式，包括原型链继承、借用构造函数、组合继承以及寄生组合式继承等。通过对比各模式的优缺点及适用场景，重点解析了引用类型最理想的寄生组合式继承实现方式，帮助开发者深入理解JS面向对象编程的核心机制。

本文整理了JavaScript中实现对象继承的多种模式，供读者参考学习。

原型链与构造函数基础

一、原型链继承


function Person(){};

Person.prototype = {
  constructor: Person,
  name: "Oliver"
};
    
function People(){};

People.prototype = new Person();
People.prototype.constructor = People;
People.prototype.sayName = function(){
  return this.name;
};

var ins = new People();

console.log(ins.sayName());

二、借用构造函数（又称伪造对象或经典继承）

1、无参数情况


function SuperType(){
  this.color = ["red","yellow","white"];
}
function SubType(){
  SuperType.call(this);
}

var instance1 = new SubType();
var instance2 = new SubType();

instance1.color.pop();
console.log(instance1.color); //["red", "yellow"]
console.log(instance2.color); //["red", "yellow", "white"]

2、有参数情况


function SuperType(name){
  this.name = name;
  this.number = [21,32,14,1];
}
function SubType(name,age){
  SuperType.call(this,name);
  this.age = age;
}

var instance1 = new SubType("Oliver",18);
var instance2 = new SubType("Troy",24);

instance2.number.pop();

console.log(instance1.name + instance1.age + instance1.number); //Oliver1821,32,14,1
console.log(instance2.name + instance2.age + instance2.number); //Troy2421,32,14

组合继承模式

三、组合继承（又称伪经典继承）

1、无参数情况


function SuperType(){
  this.color = ["red","yellow","white"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayColor = function(){
  return this.color;
};

function SubType(){
  SuperType.call(this);
  this.number = 321;
}
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
SubType.prototype.constructor = SubType;
SubType.prototype.sayNumber = function(){
  return this.number;
};

var instance1 = new SubType();
var instance2 = new SubType();

instance2.color.pop();
console.log(instance1.color + instance1.number); //red,yellow,white321
console.log(instance2.color + instance2.number); //red,yellow321

2、有参数情况


function SuperType(name){
  this.name = name;
  this.number = [32,1342,11,1];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
  return this.name;
};

function SubType(name,age){
  SuperType.call(this,name);
  this.age = age;
}
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
SubType.prototype.constructor = SubType;
SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
  return this.age;
};

var instance1 = new SubType("Oliver",18);
var instance2 = new SubType("Troy",24);

instance2.number.pop();
console.log(instance1.sayName() + instance1.sayAge() + instance1.number); //Oliver1832,1342,11,1
console.log(instance2.sayName() + instance2.sayAge() + instance2.number); //Troy2432,1342,11

寄生组合式继承优化

三、寄生组合式继承（被视作引用类型最理想的继承范式）


function inheritPrototype(subType,superType){
  var prototype = Object(superType.prototype);
  prototype.constructor = subType;
  subType.prototype = prototype;
}

function SuperType(name){
  this.name = name;
  this.number = [321,321,43];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
  return this.name;
};

function SubType(name,age){
  SuperType.call(this,name);
  this.age = age;
}
inheritPrototype(SubType,SuperType);
SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
  return this.age;
};

var instance1 = new SubType("Oliver",18);
var instance2 = new SubType("Troy",24);
instance2.number.pop();

console.log(instance1.sayName() + instance1.sayAge() + instance1.number); //Oliver18321,321,43
console.log(instance2.sayName() + instance2.sayAge() + instance2.number); //Troy24321,321

或者可以将inheritPrototype函数改写为如下形式：


function inheritPrototype(SubType,SuperType){
  SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
  SubType.prototype.constructor = SubType;
}

原型式与寄生式继承

四、原型式继承（适用于共享引用类型值，与寄生式继承类似）

1、传统版（先定义object()函数，再进行继承）


function object(o){
  function F(){};
  F.prototype = o;
  return new F();
}

var SuperType = {
  name: "Oliver",
  number: [321,321,4532,1]
};

var SubType1 = object(SuperType);
var SubType2 = object(SuperType);

SubType1.name = "Troy";
SubType1.number.pop();

SubType2.name = "Alice";
SubType2.number.pop();

console.log(SubType1.name + SubType2.name + SubType1.number + SubType2.number + SuperType.name + SuperType.number); //TroyAlice321,321321,321Oliver321,321

ECMAScript 5版（直接使用Object.create()，再进行继承）


var SuperType = {
  name: "Oliver",
  number: [321,321,4532,1]
};

var SubType1 = Object.create(SuperType); //省略了定义object()函数
var SubType2 = Object.create(SuperType);

SubType1.name = "Troy";
SubType1.number.pop();

SubType2.name = "Alice";
SubType2.number.pop();

console.log(SubType1.name + SubType2.name + SubType1.number + SubType2.number + SuperType.name + SuperType.number); //TroyAlice321,321321,321Oliver321,321

ECMAScript 5简写版（定义Object.create()的第二个参数，再进行继承）


var SuperType = {
  name: "Oliver",
  number: [321,321,4532,1]
};

var SubType1 = Object.create(SuperType,{
  name: {
    value : "Troy"
  }
});
var SubType2 = Object.create(SuperType,{
  name: {
    value : "Alice"
  }
});

SubType1.number.pop();
SubType2.number.pop();

console.log(SubType1.name + SubType2.name + SubType1.number + SubType2.number + SuperType.name + SuperType.number); //TroyAlice321,321321,321Oliver321,321

寄生式继承（适用于共享引用类型值，与原型式继承类似）


function createAnother(original){
  var clone = Object(original);
  clone.sayHi = function(){
    return "Hi";
  };
  return clone;
}

var person = {
  name: "Oliver",
  number: [13,21,31,1]
};

var anotherPerson = createAnother(person);
anotherPerson.number.pop();

console.log(anotherPerson.sayHi() + anotherPerson.number); //Hi13,21,31
console.log(person.number); //13,21,31

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望这些内容能对大家的学习有所帮助。

作者最新文章

什么时候该用JS构造器：与工厂模式、字面量的选择对比

2026-11-05 16:18:22

推荐几款轻量级JS照片墙开源库及对比

2026-11-05 15:56:19

JavaScript递归写法有哪些常见陷阱及避免方法

2026-11-05 14:53:38

JS数组浅拷贝与深拷贝怎么选？场景与方法总结

2026-11-05 14:41:02

p5.js 中 setup() 和 draw() 函数的执行机制详解

2026-11-05 12:32:38